The concept and definition of leisure

The concept and definition of leisure The word leisure is normally attributed to an individuals free time and what they choose to do during that time. Every individual at some stage in their life will participate in some form of leisure, whether it be shopping, travelling, playing sport or just relaxing. Participation must be by choice in order to be considered leisure. Throughout this essay I am going to identify and explain the different types of leisure and why individuals participate with reference to relevant academic literature. Leisure as a concept is not new, throughout history there has always been examples of leisure. If you think back to the time of ancient Rome, people enjoyed watching and in some cases taking part in the activities held within the Coliseum. Furthermore as you move through history the examples continue; Jousting and banquets in the middle ages, all the way up to what we define as leisure activities today, shopping, participating in sport etc (Pearson, 2008). Whats important to point out is the change in perception of what leisure actually is now, compared to what it was before. During the late eighteenth and nineteenth century Britain went through a massive economic change. Otherwise known as the industrial revolution, this period changed what we would define leisure as today (Bull et al, 2003). For so many people, their nature of worked changed drastically, both in terms of what they did and where. This change enabled social class to be born, and with it increased wealth. This new fou nd wealth enabled new technologies which in turn would allow new forms of leisure (2003). Trying to define leisure is often difficult; this is due to the many different forms leisure can take. Bull, Hoose and Weed, (2003) propose four approaches to define leisure. These are leisure as time, leisure as an activity, quality of leisure and personal attitude (p32). Most people work long stressful hours during the day, leisure time is often dictated by the time we are left with after working and earning money. However necessities such as sleeping, eating and personal hygiene all eat into what we define as leisure time. Under the leisure as time approach, work and leisure can be perceived as being in opposition, with one (usually work) limiting the other (p33). When it comes to activity based approaches, as the name suggests, this approach sees leisure as engaging in activities that one would do in their free time, such as shopping, playing recreational sport etc. The quality of leisure and personal attitude go hand in hand with the previous approaches. If the participant is ha ving fun their quality of leisure is improved, the opposite can be said if their attitude is negative. Its important when looking at why people participate in leisure, that these 4 approaches are taken into account. As mentioned above, leisure and work are often seen to be in opposition with each other; however that is not always the case. More and more businesses are seeing the benefits leisure can have on staff productivity and happiness. This year alone an estimated  £1.67 billion was spent on leisure activities for staff at work (Groom, 2010). That equates to 20% of all spending on expenses last year. This view is reinforced by companies partnering with leisure based businesses such as activity day planners and health clubs to offer staff a range of benefits and discounts in order to increase their leisure quality. In addition to investing in leisure for staff, businesses as a whole take part in leisure also. Sponsorship for leisure events was estimated to be around $45.2 billion last year (IEG Global Sponsorship Expenditure Reports, Cited in Sponsormap, 2009). The main concept to explore when asking why people participate in leisure is what motivates them to do so. Under ideal circumstances, the benefits from participating in leisure are numerous. As it covers such a broad range of activities, leisure allows an individual to do what they want. Linda Nazareth (Cited in Alboher,2008) provides an example of a woman who works a stressful 6 day week. By incorporating a small amount of leisure into her routine, she felt happier at work, and felt her interactions with others outside work also greatly improved. Further to this studies show that physical based leisure, such as exercise or recreational sport have a positive effect on ones wellbeing. This is due to a combination of psychological factors as well as raised endorphin levels (The Reality of the Runners High, 2008). However, an individuals leisure can often be impacted by numerous external factors such as age, race, income and gender. William R. Burch, Jr. (2009) highlights how social class (income) has an effect on what activities an individual can take part in. Activities such as going sailing, although not exclusive to upper class, is more likely to be available to than someone who is lower class. In addition an individuals gender can also affect their free time. Roberts (2010) cites a recent international survey that shows men have half an hour more leisure time every day than women. In addition, geography also plays a key role. In the same study, figures showed that the half an hour advantage men have over women in the UK, compared to 38 minutes in the US, 33 in France, 50 in Belgium, 22 in Germany and 80 in Italy. Persons surroundings similarly can limit their participation in leisure. One could argue someone who is retired will have the most leisure time out of all socio economic groups. This however is not always the case. Just as before, location has a major role on leisure, not just internationally but also locally. As Bull et al (2003) describes behavioral norms and expectations of what someone who is retired is able to do, can in fact limit what it is available to them. Further to this, social expectation can encourage social isolation and disengagement. All of these things contribute to having a negative effect on an individuals participation. Government funding can also have an effect. If the facilities arent available, what an individual may want to do as activity based leisure may not be possible. In addition if pricing of facilities is too high, what an individual has access to will be limited. On the flip side, if funding is there the quality of leisure available to individuals is greatly improved and in general so is participation. This highlights how; at least in terms of activity based leisure, opportunities can sometimes be better for some more than others. As shown, although leisure is subjective, external factors often have a role to play in the choices an individual makes. When answering why people participate in leisure, the answer is obvious. As William H. Davies said What is this life if, full of care, we have no time to stand and stare? (Cited in, Khurana 2009). Life is too short to have nothing but worry. People participate in leisure to escape from the hectic lives they have to live. Although many extrinsic factors can have an effect on leisure, there is no denying the benefits of even a little a day.

The Path into Madness in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essa

The Path into Madness in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 1800's/early 1900's, when Charlotte Perkins Gilman experienced her episode of "temporary nervous depression" (Gilman 885), and wrote her autobiographical short story, "The Yellow Wallpaper," the workings of the mind were mysteries that few medical people attempted to investigate. A patient who was poor and ill-educated and exhibiting signs of mental disorder was institutionalized -- ala Bedlam. The patient who was rich, educated, and/or from a "good family" was called eccentric and given a prescription for complete mental rest and controlled physical exercise combined with the consumption of phosphorus enriched tonics. This regimen was to be followed in an environment that allowed the patient to ingest large quantities of clean fresh air (Gilman 885, 886). In her retrospective, the author was able to present a frighteningly candid view of the ineffectiveness of this last pattern of treatment.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ms. Gilman's heroine's adventure into madness started with an onset of post partum depression. This fairly common side effect of childbirth comes at the time in her life when the woman (according to society) is supposed to be her happiest, most satisfied self. However, with her mind suffering from the effects of her body's frantic attempt to realign its chemical components into a balanced state, the new mother is confronted by moods that are the antithesis of the euphoria she is told she should be feeling. This juxtaposition of expected and experienced emotions can create tremendous guilt in a woman, even a very strong woman. To mitigate this guilt, the mind can develop a psychosis, such as delusional disorder. Ms. Gilman was very perceptive in looking at he... ... this case -- unenlightened) treatment, progressing into dementia. And she created this scenario years, if not decades, before medical science understood the relationship between the various parts of her heroine's -- and her own -- path into madness.    Works Cited Danford, Darla Erhard. "Pica and Nutrition." Annual Review of Nutrition Issue 2 (1982): 303 - 322. Decker, Chris J., MD, FRSCS. "Pica in the Mentally Handicapped: A 15 - Year Surgical Perspective." Canadian Journal of Surgery 36.6 (1993): 551 - 554. DSM - IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994. 290 - 301. Gilmore, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper." Being and Becoming. Anne Mills King, and Sandra Kurtinitis editors. New York, NY: McGraw - Hill Publishing Company, 1987. 886 - 892.   

Thought piece

We have discussed different learning theories (e. G. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning) in Lecture 3. Please derive ONE hypothesis related to any real-life issues based on one of these theories and then design an experiment to test your hypothesis. When you work on this assignment, try to think of and answer the following questions: D what Is your hypothesis? What are your independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DVD)? How will you manipulate your IV (I. E. At is your treatment) and how will you measure your DVD? What are your experimental and control groups? What are the possible confounding variables and how would you control them? How would you decide that your hypothesis/sees have been supported? (I. E. Whether or not your hypothesis is supported by your data)? What may be potential problems with your experiment? How can they be solved? The major goal of this assignment is to apply what you have learned about the key elements of experimental design to real- life situations. You will need to describe the design of an experiment to best test your hypothesis.Please be specific about all of the key elements of your design and also about what results will be consistent or inconsistent with your predictions. Issues like sampling, group assignment, confounding factors etc. Should be considered when designing the experiment. Basically you will not need to read anything extra apart from the textbook and lecture notes for this assignment. Of course if you find it helpful to use ideas from other sources, you may do so, and in that case you should clearly state the source. Work will be penalized with severe mark reduction.Late submission will also be subject to mark reduction (marked down by 10% per day after due date). Your thought piece should be written in ENGLISH. It should be about and no more than three pages long (AY double-spacing, font: Time News Roman, size 12, 1 inch margin), excluding supplemental materials you may have (e. G. , refere nce list, table and figures, experiment materials, media clips)

Bipolar Is A Mental Disorder - 2807 Words

Bipolar Bipolar is a mental disorder which is known for a brain disorder that causes constant changing of moods, activity levels, and the ability to carry out every day activities, relationships with family and friends and possibly workplace functioning. The areas that the brain is affected by bipolar is the frontal and temporal lobes of the forebrain, the prefrontal cortex, the basal ganglia, and parts of the limbic system (Bressert, 2007). The hippocampus may also play a role in bipolar disorder, as structural changes to this area of the brain have been associated with this disorder in some individuals. It is also known by its older name â€Å"manic depression† (Bressert, 2007). A manic episode is described to be like feelings of intensified energy levels, creativity, and euphoria are common. People that experience a manic episodes talk a mile a minute, hardly sleeps, and are hyperactive; they may also feel that they’re all-powerful, invincible, or destined for the be st (Bressert, 2007). Bipolar is described as an emotional roller coaster. A person that is diagnosed with bipolar will experience highs that are known as manic episodes and lows that are known as depression (Bressert, 2007). These periods have different lengths of time, they can last for a few hours or ranging days or possibly even longer; they can last up to a few weeks up to months at one given time. This disorder is a long term and chronic condition with a variety of treatments. Treatment Advocacy CenterShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder : A Mental Disorder1321 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar disorder is a very serious mental illness, that can have detrimental effects on a whole family. Bipolar disorder also known as â€Å"manic depression†, is a mental disorder that affects a person’s mood and general outlook on life like most other mental disorders. Bipolar disorder cannot be cured, but treatment can help improve the overall function of a person’s life. Bipolar disorder can affect people’s lives greatly. Bipolar disorder can affect a person’s relationship with others. People withRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders1708 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar disorder is an emotional instability checked by great movements in disposition going from a hyper to a depressive state. Bipolar disorder is additionally called bipolar disease or manic depression. Bipolar disorder oppresses 3 to 5% of the populace with inconvenient impact on life possibilities. People with Bipolar Disorder will face life span danger for mood shifts, including fatal consequences. â€Å"It is sixth most common cause of disability in the United States (Altman et al., 2006).† AsRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders1364 Words   |  6 PagesIntro Bipolar disorder is an emotional instability checked by great movements in disposition going from a hyper to a depressive state. Bipolar disorder is additionally called bipolar disease or manic depression. Bipolar disorder oppresses 3 to 5% of the populace with inconvenient impact on life possibilities. People with Bipolar Disorder will face life span danger for mood shifts, including fatal consequences. â€Å"It is sixth most common cause of disability in the United States (Altman et al., 2006)Read MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Disorders1249 Words   |  5 PagesBipolar Disorder, also known as manic/depressive disorder once was a disorder that carried a severe societal stigmatism. It now has carries less stigmatism but is a disorder which has become difficult to diagnosis and extremely prevalent in today’s society. Due to the manic characteristic of the disorder it differentiates itself from the typical form of depression. Even though both depression and bipolar disorder can be due to an imbalance in brain chemistry and biology, genetics, or effected byRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health934 Words   |  4 Pages Bipolar Disorder is otherwise known as manic-depressive illness. It is a brain disorder that causes shifts in moods, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out daily tasks. (Cite) These changes in behavior are outside of the norm as most people have ups and downs throughout their daily routines. But those with Bipolar Disorder experience shifts in mood that can be damaging to relationships, as well as their overall school and work performances. (Cite) I chose this disorder as the topicRead MoreBipolar II Disorder And Mental Disorders Essay1482 Words   |  6 PagesBipolar II Disorder Approximately 0.5-1 percent of Americans will develop bipolar II disorder in their lifetime, worldwide the prevalence is 0.4 percent (Rosenberg Kosslyn, 2011). Bipolar disorder is one of the main causes of disability, because of its cognitive and functional impairment, the high rate of medical and psychiatric comorbidity, and the relevant suicide risk (Dell Osso, et al., 2016). Bipolar II disorder is one of the two most commonly diagnosed subtypes of Bipolar disorder, whichRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health910 Words   |  4 Pagespercent of American’s suffer with bipolar disorder but, unless you know someone who has the disorder or have it yourself you probably cannot define the disorder. Bipolar disorder is defined as a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out daily tasks by the National Institute of Mental Health. Or that is what the current definition for bipolar disorder is. Alan C. Swann in his ar ticle What is Bipolar Disorder says that we are far from a rigorousRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health1691 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the National Institute of Mental Health, over 5 million individuals over the age of 18 are affected by bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is an illness that occurs with the brain and causes abnormal shifts in mood and energy. An individual with bipolar disorder will experience many ups and downs. These ups and downs are way different from the ups and downs an individual without the disorder will experience. Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition and if not noticed, or treated properlyRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health Essay851 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience a mood disorder known as Bipolar Disorder. According to the National Institute of Mental Health about one percent of the American population have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Living with a person that has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder is very difficult, especially not knowing anything about bipolar. There are many questions to be asked. Such as what is the disorder? Is bipolar disorder heredity? How is the disorder treated? First of all, Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic-depressiveRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Mental Illness802 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder is known to be a mental illness. A mental illness can be described as a number of things. When talking about bipolar disorder being a mental illness it is described as lacking certain area in the brain. There are two stages of bipolar disorders, Type one and Type two. Type one is more severe than type two. Bipolar disorders began approximately around in the nineteenth century. Bipolar disorder was founded and introduced by both Jean-Pierre Falret a French psychiatrist and Emil Kraepein

The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living - 1834 Words

The unexamined life is not worth living. (Apology, 41e) Socrates held this statement to himself to a point where he allowed the courts to take his life because they don’t want him to continue his quest of insights, questions and knowledge. The philosophy of Socrates as explained by Plato offers an important concept of what it means to live the examined life and what makes a life either examined or unexamined. The combination of Euthyphro, The Apology and the Republic help understand what Socrates means when he says that the unexamined life is not worth living, proving it what he believed, a valid statement. What Socrates means by an unexamined life, is we are just coasting through and not making any decisions or asking any questions. What Socrates means by living the examined life, that it’s logical when people are striving to know themselves and to understand our lives if they have any meaning or value to them. An examined life would be trying to understand your purpo se of why you are here and what you are presently thinking. By examining your life, you therefore are understanding yourself and will not be subject to actions motivated by passion or instinct.Socrates uses examples defending his case about the unexamined life. â€Å"That is because I am so desirous of your wisdom, and I concentrate my mind on it, so that no word of yours may fall to the ground.† (Euthyphro, 18d) Socrates could not see a point in living if you were unable to ask questions and challenge your wayShow MoreRelatedUnexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1851 Words   |  8 Pagesconvicted for impiety to the gods and for corrupting the youth because he had taught the young adults to question, he was given the opportunity to propose his own penalty. He refused to give up his mission as the one calling Athens to the examined way of life. He refused to leave Athens, if the condition were to be that he had to give up teaching. He summed up his defense in the following way: If I say that I cannot hold my peace (by giving up my mission) because that would be to disobey the godRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1450 Words   |  6 Pagesb) The unexamined life is not worth living, quoted Socrates. It appears that, following his brilliant logic, the key to living philosophically is exactly how one interprets and scrutinizes their own life in a philosophical context. As with the nature of philosophy itself, living philosophically is also ambiguous, and it could very well be that one lives philosophically even if they do not necessarily realize it. Take, for instance, a person who questions why humans and all life forms must die;Read MoreUnexamined Life Not Worth Living For1300 Words   |  6 PagesUnexamined Life Not Worth Living For In this paper I will argue that Socrates is right about an unexamined life is no worth living for, however too much examination leads to the absurd and too little tends to keep you from obtaining knowledge, not being able to free your-self as humans are meant to be free. Socrates was a philosopher who believed that humans were meant to obtain all type of knowledge, and that such knowledge could only be achieved through examination. As Socrates stated â€Å"it is theRead MoreThe, The Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1744 Words   |  7 Pages I wholeheartedly embrace the sentiments of Socrates when Plato stated in the Apology, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Upon reflection, and asking myself, what exactly does this mean, I feel as if my life has evolved full circle. I finally understand the meaning and purpose of my life – the myth I believe and know I should be living. This course has put a lot of things into perspective for me by putting my thoughts, experiences, and feelings into words and statements that prior to I couldRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† This quote, by a famous philosopher Socrates, amplifies the idea of critical thinking and its true importance. This quote explains that if we as individuals do not evaluate ourselves, then we stop living as human beings.This quote can present what is truly at stake when dealing with critical thinking. Critical thinking allows human beings to question the status quo naturally with no effect. Critical thinking is an important practice and technique one shouldRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1344 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"An unexamined life is not worth living† Imagine living a life without change, development and growth. Imagine living a life without any consciousness of what life has to offer. As mind-boggling as this may sound, there are actually many people on this earth that have not taken the effort to know themselves. People should be able to fairly judge their lives. Man should be able to gain wisdom by the examinations of the deeds they’ve done to prepare for the future. Life is no longer worth livingRead MoreUnexamined Life Is Not Worth Living964 Words   |  4 Pagespremise that â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living†. To understand this quote, we should know what a premise is in relation to his quote. A premise is using a statement to support an opinionated conclusion, for example, getting at least 7 hours of sleep a night lets you wake up not tired, proving that you should go to sleep early. So, what he means by an â€Å"unexamined life is not worth living† is that a life without being producti ve or bettering yourself isn’t a life worth living because you don’tRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living2068 Words   |  9 PagesProject Due Date: 12/04/2014 Date Submitted: 12/04/2014 Myth/Narrative I Am Living I enthusiastically embrace the sentiment of Socrates that, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Upon reflection, and asking myself, what exactly does this mean, I feel as if my life has progressed full circle. I finally understand, to a greater extent, the meaning and purpose of my life – the myth I believe and know I should be living. Through the course readings, text, and concepts, the authors have inspiredRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1629 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living,† Plato says in The Apology. When people think about the great problems facing humanity, their attention tends to turn to issues such as poverty, warfare, pollution, and disease. While these problems are important and urgent, there are other problems which are equally urgent, but often overlooked. Are human beings born with a map for life? Can that map lead people to happiness? If there is a map, every human being can attain ha ppiness easily. Is there anyRead MoreThe Unexamined Life Is Not Worth Living1978 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Socrates, the great Greek philosopher, has never spoken truer words. The unexamined life is a recurring theme in both Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave and Richard Wright’s The Library Card. There are many ways to achieve enlightenment, for example, going out and obtaining information, through individualism, learning from mistakes, becoming an intellectual reader, or contemplation. Enlightenment was important to both Plato and Richard Wright. Plato believed

A Thousand Splendid Suns - 2892 Words

A Thousand Splendid Suns Theme Analysis Lesson Subject: English Language Arts Grades: 9†12 Timeframe: Four 45 minute sessions Student Outreach for Shelters (SOS) Program Overview This lesson is designed to deepen students’ analysis of the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns. In addition, this lesson is designed to provide educators with a core novel connection to the shelter outreach themes of the Khaled Hosseini Foundation SOS program. Preparation ï‚ ¡ ï‚ ¡ Review Lesson Plan novel. Adapt lesson plan as necessary. Prepare students as necessary: a) this lesson assumes that all students have read A Thousand Splendid Suns, and that students have clear expectations (e.g. rubrics or†¦show more content†¦What are some literal and figurative meanings of shelter? What are some reasons one might not have shelter? Can one have a physical shelter and still be exposed? Can one be without a physical shelter and yet be sheltered? Record student responses on chart or butcher paper, or online in a class wiki page. Post responses where students can refer to them throughout the lesson sessions. Tell students that they will work in pairs or in groups to: ï‚ ¡ ï‚ ¡ ï‚ ¡ ï‚ ¡ ï‚ ¡ Find evidence in the text of the shelter theme Explore its significance Determine its impact on plot characterization Present findings to class Provide a written response to an essay prompt about this theme ï‚ ¡ Web Resources: ï‚ ¡ ï‚ ¡ UNHCR fact page on Afghanistan: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e486eb6.html CIA Fact book on Afghanistan: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the†world† factbook/geos/af.html ï‚ ¡ Ethnic Map of Afghanistan: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/asia/af ghanistan/map_flash.html ï‚ ¡ ï‚ ¡ ï‚ ¡ Google maps: http://maps.google.com/ Saib†e†Tarizi poem from which novel is titled: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Thousand_Splendid_Suns Academy of Achievement speech in 2008 – Hosseini speaks about why he became a writer: (12 min video) http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/podcasts/artpod† 4†hosseini†vid Introduce Theme Analysis Graphic Organizer. Post one organizer on board or overhead and give one copy to each student. Complete one or twoShow MoreRelatedA Thousand Splendid Suns1227 Words   |  5 PagesIn a nation brimming with discrimination, violence and fear, a multitudinous number of hearts will become malevolent and unemotional. However, people will rebel. In the eye-opening novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns written by Khaled Hosseini, the country of Afghanistan is exposed to possess cruel, treacherous and sexist law and people. The women are classified as something lower than human, and men have the jurisdiction over the women. At the same time, the most horrible treatment can bring out someRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesJoey F 2/17/13 P.6 A Thousand Splendid Suns Essay â€Å"An heirloom-breaking, clumsy little harami† (Hosseini 4), sets the tone for the beginning of Mariam’s life throughout the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns. Many women are mistreated throughout the novel, but Mariam’s childhood is much tougher because she is a harami, or â€Å"bastard child†. Mariam tries to find emotional and physical shelter in her lifetime, but struggles to find it. In the beginning of her life she can’t find emotional shelterRead MoreAnalysis Of A Thousand Splendid Suns 1267 Words   |  6 PagesThe significance of A Thousand Splendid Suns is the endurance that women must possess in order to survive, but also the role of women in the Afghanistan society. Hosseini writes about the difficult life of Mariam and Laila as they bear the hardships that arise over the three decades of anti-Soviet jihad, civil war, and Taliban tyranny in Afghanistan. Hosseini identifies these hardships as something they’re forced to endu re as women till they die. As Mariam grows up, the ability to endure, said byRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis1447 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å" Nana said, ‘Learn this now and learn it well, my daughter: Like a compass needle that points north, a man’s accusing finger always finds a woman. You remember that Mariam† (Hosseini 7). In this passage from A Thousand Splendid Suns, Mariam’s mother explains to her what her father is really like. Through the begging of this novel, Mariam sees her father, Jalil, as the better parent and views her mother as the more strict one. Nana isn’t fond of Jalil because after he had got her pregnant, he deniedRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Hosseini1328 Words   |  6 Pageswoman. In spite of the fact that this is unfair, at least women in America are permitted to work. Khaled Hosseini brings awareness to the women of Afghanistan who are victims of the inhumane and unjust laws of the Taliban. In his novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, Hosseini uses agonizing scenes and imagery to analyze the ways Afghan women continue to subsist in an oppressive and discriminatory society from the 1950s to today. As a young girl, the protagonist of the novel, Mariam, longed to receiveRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns Analysis1499 Words   |  6 PagesA Thousand Splendid Suns The author of A Thousand Splendid Suns, Khaled Hosseini, created a story that focuses on a journey shared between Laila and Mariam, the two female protagonist whose homeland of Afghanistan becomes corrupted by government rule. Although women and men are going through a time of war, women are expected to remain silent, but Hosseini Khaled develops characters that able step out of gender norms and break these restrictions. In A Thousand Splendid SunsRead MoreSummary Of A Thousand Splendid Suns 1467 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter The plot of A Thousand Splendid Suns revolves around two protagonists: Laila and Mariam. Most of the story’s characters are round, but Mariam and Laila are exceptionally complex. Mariam is a harami, a bastard, that leaves her mother, Nana, in order to live with Jalil, her father. Jalil rejects her, and Jalil and Mariam later regret the decisions that they made at that point in their lives. Mariam is a quiet, thoughtful, and kind woman who was born in Herat, and her face has been describedRead MoreReview Of A Thousand Splendid Suns Essay3732 Words   |  15 PagesAFTER EFFECTS OF WAR IN KABUL AS BASED ON A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Award of Degree of Bachelors of Arts (Hons.) in English Submitted By: Supervised By: Sahib Alam Shaily Dabra Ma’am SYNOPSIS The title of the current research is ‘the after-effects of war in Kabul’ based on the novel-A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS. The novel portrays the theme of war and it’sRead MoreEndurance in A Thousand Splendid Suns2382 Words   |  10 Pagesthe Taliban; they also learn to endure poverty. Considering this, it is no wonder why Afghanistan is in the terrible position it is in now. Many Afghan cities like Kabul are filled with things like violence and discrimination, and the book A Thousand Splendid Suns, by Khaled Hosseini takes place in Kabul. This book follows the lives of two Afghani women, Mariam and Laila, as they suffer pain and discrimination received from the Taliban and their husband, Rasheed. The women are forced to clean, cookRead MoreA Thousand Splendid Suns By Khaled Hosseini Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesto rapidly advance, which ultimately produces instability and division. When elements of society—such as politics or economics are erratic, a solid foundation cannot be formed. The book A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini is an example of how a society can crumble without stability. A Thousand Splendid Suns tells of how Afghanistan is impacted as it passes through five eras of different political powers. The traditional culture and beliefs were altered with each governing group which generated

Literature Review about Reflective Report Writing Of Cybercrime

Question: Describe about cybercrime and its major categories? Answer: In order to develop the World Wide Web and internet, developer faced wide range of issues. Therefore, in order to mitigate these issues, student of IT has to study about the professional issues in Information technology (PIIT). It always relies at the heart of information technology. Since early days, criminality and crime both associated with each other. In different countries, the content of crime is different. Based on the nature and extent, crime is depended. In these modern days, information technology helps in generating business effectiveness and increasing performance. Professional Issues in Information Technology (PIIT) mainly occurs in the years of science and technology. Several authors provide lot of definition about Information Technology. Some critics say that information technology is the heart of computer that affects the era of business and their own network. Some critic defined that cybercrime is one type of crime that committed in the network of computer using inte rnet as well as other tools. However, it has been learned that computer is one of the most important part that considered as tools of information technology. However, it is identified that computer considered as an integral part of professional information technology from the point of view of internet and World Wide Web. From the point of view of internet access, information technology generates wide range of benefits to the organization in all sectors such as business industry, educational sector, etc (Dixon, 2007). There are several examples of information technology that learned in lesson such as knowledge management system, automatic generation of information via application, etc. In other words, information technology defined as the violence action. Majority of organization in these days used information technology in their business process for improving the purchasing as well as logistics system and generate higher value (Beck Boyd, 1978). There are some ways that a person ab le to work in a team such as Positive Outlook: It is very impotent in order to work as an IT professional. Positive attitude helps in changing the work and make stable in IT career. Love for Challenge: In order to work in IT sector, person has to show their enjoyment in multi disciplinary work (Engdahl, 2010). Ability to adapt to a change: It is also an important factor in terms of being IT professional. This is required because software or application change frequently. Patience, Patience and more Patience: When a person work as a member of team, this is required. It may be stressful as well as challenging but creates more fun in future. Careers in IT Information technology is broad subject and varies several types of job. Regarding information technology, there are wide range of opportunities to get job an develop career such as Business Analyst System Analyst Network Administrator Computer Design Computer Programmer Web Designer Web Developer Cybercrime In my literature review, it has been describe that there are three major categories of cyber crime such as crimes against property, government and person. Cybercrime against person is that harassment to people via cyber stalking, emails, fake phone calls, etc. Cyber Stalking is one of the most common and popular cybercrime where attackers use wide range of protocols like user net group, e-mails and chat rooms (Cartwright Scisco, 2004). Using these protocols, attackers provide different types of harassment such as religious, sexual, racial, etc. Thos kind of cybercrime mainly occurs from the teenagers and woman. Cybercrime against property occurs when the attackers develop harmful program and send it to others computer user via internet (Rijlaarsdam, Bergh and Couzijn, 2005). It had been learned that attackers using internet send virus to the personal computer and access entire information from that particular computer. Email scam is one of the great example of cybercrime against property. Attacker sends emails with virus and demand to put bank account details into the emails body. Apart from that, hacking of the companys website is also another example of cybercrime against property. As consequence, cyber terrorism is one of the most serious type of crime from the viewpoint of cybercrime. Hacking into the military sites, governments websites are the key examples of cyber terrorism. In my literature review, it has been learned by me that in technology environment, criminals of cyber categorized into different group. These are as follows Organized hacker: In order to fulfill certain objectives, these types of hackers are organized. The main aim of these hackers is to hack the political website and put bias information, fundamentalism, etc. For example, recently one hacker hack the Facebook page of Facebook developer Mark Zuckerberg. This type of hacking falls under the category of organized hacker. Discounted employees: There are huge people in the world who dissatisfied with the employers or sacked by some organization. Those types of people fall under this category. In order to take revenge from their employer, people under this category hack the system of employer. Professional Hackers: These types of hackers motivate to make money. The main aim of professional hackers is to make money from internet. Professional hackers mostly hacked the website of banks, big organization that is related to the financial sector and get the reliable information from site. I learned there are several reasons for cybercrime. The reasons of cybercrime are as follows Easy to Access: Safe guard is the main problem of computer system. Due to the complex of technology, there is present possibly of breach regarding unauthorized access. Therefore, most of the user set up their computer password in order to prevent unauthorized access using codes, retina, key loggers, advance voice recorders, etc. I learned that this type of system could easily access these passwords via bypassing the firewalls and using bio metric system. Negligence: The term negligence closely connected with the technology that conducted by human. In order to protect the computer system especially for business industry need to be any negligence. It is not maintained properly, cyber criminal access information from computer system and control the overall system. Loss of Evidence: It has been identified that loss of evidence is a big problem and very common from the point of view of cybercrime. Cyber criminal most of the time destroyed data from victim computer. Capacity to store data in small space: Computer system has the capacity to store data huge data in very small space using unique characteristic. Therefore, it is easier for the cyber criminal to access information or remove it. Complex: In order to operate the computers, need to install one operating system such as Linux, windows, Mac, etc. However, these types of operating system are composed with the million of codes. In my literature review, I learned that in major cases human mind fails to write code with proper way. They often lapse in any stage during writing the codes of operating system. The cyber criminal take advantage of lapse in any stage and penetrate the computer system. There are several manner and mode of cyber crime such as Hacking (unauthorized access): Hacking is the common term in internet area. Regarding unauthorized access, Information and Communication Act was formed in 2006. This act allows the user in protecting unauthorized access of information during interchangeable. Email Bombing: This is also popular crime in internet. There are majority of attackers that send bulk amount of emails to the computer of victim. The main intention of these type of attackers is to crash the system of victim. Worms Attack: Worms attack is also known as the virus. Attacker send virus in the form of data into victims computer for corrupting the file. The main functionality of work attack is to copies the computer memory and transfer into another computer. For example, love bug virus affected in the globe computers and losses $10 billion in business. Robert Morris created this virus in 1988 for accessing information from victim computer. Trojan Attacks: It is the most popular and harmful origin in terms of cybercrime. Attacker installed Trojan into the victims computer via chatting and access information from victims computer. Web jacking: I leaned that using the technique of Web Jacking, hackers gain information from the victim computer over internet. Majority of attacker use web jacking for providing their own information via government website. I learned that via the technology of web jacking, hacker hack the website of other and make the site according to their own demand. Moreover, I understand that cybercrime is classified into three groups such as against individuals, against organization and against society. Harassment via email: In these modern days, harassment via emails is the new concept of cybercrime. Cyber criminal send emails that contains virus to the victims computer system in the form of letter. When the victim download letter in his or her computer virus automatically runs and access information about the computer. Apart from that, I learned that majority of people send continuous emails to the victim computer. Harassment via email is the common cyber crime in these days. Cyber Stalking: It is also the new concept of cyber crime. The main concept of cyber stalking is that the criminal of cyber observes the movement of person across the internet via posting different type of message or entering chat room frequently to the victims computer. Defamation: cyber defamation is same according to the general defamation. I learned that this type of cybercrime mainly occur for the teenagers. For example, someone hacks the email id or Facebook page and change the status that he is in relationship or post some bad pictures, etc. As time passed, affects of cybercrime increased fast in comparison to other crime. There are several factors unable to detect or analyze the causes of statistic of cybercrime. Firstly, in these present days, aggressive development of technology is growing faster. This make difficult to detect cybercrime. Due to lack of knowledge as well as expertise officially, cybercrime still not analyzed or detected. Apart from that, most important method that hide the criminal activity regarding cybercrime is that when activity of cybercrime detected for a business organization, the owner of the firm lodge report for not to published name due adverse publicity. These are the main reason that leads to hide the actual nu mber of cybercrime cases in the world. Access over computer system: Unauthorized access over computer system is called cybercrime. In the world, there are several rules and regulation of hacking interchangeable in terms of hacking. In internet, various hackers access information of victim computer via providing virus or run firewall system breaking code. In order to mitigate hacking confusion, or prevent the information from being hacked, user of computer system can involve Act 200 of hacking. Email spoofing: In my literature review part, I learned that email spoofing is one of the ways of misrepresenting the origin. It has been identified that some hackers send emails to the victim for asking banking details that looks like original according to the email of banking sector. Recently the student of the University of Western Australia received emails to changing their password due to technical up gradation. According to the student of University, this email came from technical department of the University. However, this mail was traced by the technical department and aware student for never accept this type of emails without any notification of the University. Intellectual property crime: According to the critics, intellectual property consist wide range of rights in terms of protecting property. Therefore, it has been also identified by me that unlawful act may deprived completely. In order to protect the intellectual property, people have to violate software privacy, infringement, trademark, violation, source code of computer, etc. However, it has been often seen that majority of people access information or copying file without any authentication. For example, in internet several websites provide software application without permission of Microsoft. Terrorism of cyber against governmental organization: It has been understood by me that there are required to distinguish between the cyber crime and cyber terrorism. However, both of these two consider under the act of criminal. It has been realized that cyber crime generally consists under the domestic issue. However, it has some consequence in international. On the other hand, cyber terrorism is considered as the global issues. It has both international and domestic issues in respect to cybercrime. In order to protect the common form of terrorist attack in internet, victim has to use anti malware threat protecting software, or avoid unknown sources email. Majority of cyber criminal uses 512-bit encryption method in order to decrypt the information in governmental website. From this point of view, website of government has to use 1024-bit encryption method in terms of sharing information. Trafficking: Hackers assumes different forms of trafficking to the victim. In general, trafficking are can be in different in form such as human beings, arms weapons, drugs, etc. It has been identified that trafficking is the modern type of slavery. According to critics, trafficking is the fastest growing crime. Fraud and Cheating: In these modern days, online fraud and cheating is the lucrative cybercrime in these days. In internet, victim received different chat request from different server. It has been seen that in some cases online fraud and cheating pertaining to the contractual crime, credit card crime or jobs offering. From the point of view of fraud and cheating, it has been identified that there are several engineers work on the back office of customer care. During the working time, they fraudulently access information of customer credit card. Description of Changes In this world, cybercrime is ironically increased. Therefore, awareness of cyber security will be the best methodology or appropriate technology of protecting the threats of cyber crime. In my literature, review learned that technology site CNET stated that there are majority of companies that suffer from electronic threat or harassment both physically and mentally. In this physical world, people move one company to another due to change of job position (Stefoff, 2009). Therefore, if the employee wanted to steal the information of previous company such as operating manuals, battle plan, target market, target customer, etc they have lots of chance to copy file from the system of the organization in a small USB device. In order to protect the cyber crime and keep safe the information from hacker, need to follow the steps Secure the computer: In order to secure information in one computer, people have to active firewall protection. Activation of firewall allows the people in avoiding unknown source and keeps safe the computer from virus attack. Apart from that, user of computer especially the business organization has to use antivirus software that protects malware theft in internet. Moreover, in order to block the spyware in computer system need to update antivirus software application regularly. Use of Strong Password: Majority of cyber criminals hack information via internet of their victim computer. Therefore, in order to protect the cybercrime in internet, computer user has to use strong password in their own account that contains at least 10 characters in length with combination of numbers, capital and small letter along with special characters. Install latest operating system: In order to keep safe the information, organization in business sector has to install latest operating system with update features. For example, if the organization installed windows latest operating system they can easily access information if any employees insert USB device into the system. This will be the better technology for preventing personal information. Data Protection: When the organization especially the organization that operates in financial sector share information to other, need to use RSS encryption technology. It will help in protecting data from hacked into the server. 512-bit encryption method will be the best technology of encrypting data and protect from hacker. Apart from that, organization in financial sector has to take regular backup of their information and store in into the other location such as external hard disk or cloud server (Ross, 2010). Secure wireless network: In these modern days, companies use wireless connection technology in order to create intranet connection over workplace. It is also one of the lapse points by company because hacker using the wireless network attacks into their server room and access information. Appropriate combination of password and user identity technology in wireless network will be the best methodology (Vanelstraete Francken, 1997). The IT department of financial sector has to set up the network that protects access of internet when it identifies unknown IP address use system. Apart from that, computer user has to justify proper identity when they sale or purchased products via online. Moreover, when user access social networking site, they have to be more conscious. References: Beck, C., Boyd, D. 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